Wireless device and method for low power and low data rate operation

ABSTRACT

Embodiments of a wireless device and method for transmitting a packet comprising one or more orthogonal frequency division multiplexed (OFDM) transmission symbols are generally described herein. In some embodiments, the wireless device may be configured to map data to active tones and map zeroes to nulled tones of a set of OFDM tones to generate an OFDM symbol comprising both the active and the nulled tones. The number of active and nulled tones may be based on a nulling factor. The OFDM symbol may be down-clocked to generate an OFDM transmission symbol for transmission over a reduced transmission bandwidth. Accordingly, low power may be used for very low data rate transmissions, which may be suitable for sensor devices.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.13/993,287, filed on Jun. 11, 2013, which is a U.S. National StageFiling under 35 U.S.C. 371 from International Application No.PCT/US2011/061653, filed on Nov. 21, 2011, and published in English asWO 2013/077838 on May 30, 2013, each of which is incorporated herein byreference in its entirety.

Embodiments pertain to wireless communications. Some embodiments relateto transmission of orthogonal frequency division multiplexed (OFDM)symbols. Some embodiments relate to low-power and low data rate wirelessfidelity (Wi-Fi) type transmissions and wireless sensor networks. Someembodiments relate to OFDM devices that operate in accordance with anIEEE 802.11ah task group specification for low-power low data rate OFDMtransmissions in the 1GHz and lower frequency bands.

BACKGROUND

One issue with wireless data communication is power consumption, whichis particularly an issue with battery-powered wireless devices, such assensors. These wireless devices generally have a much lower data raterequirement than that provided by conventional IEEE 802.11n and IEEE802.11ac configured devices. These wireless devices also may need tooperate for extended periods on a battery, making IEEE 802.11n and IEEE802.11ac configured devices less suitable for such applications due totheir higher power consumption.

Thus, there are general needs for wireless devices and methods that canoperate at a much lower data rate and with much lower power consumptionthan conventional IEEE 802.11n and IEEE 802.11ac configured devices.There are also general needs for wireless devices and methods that canoperate at a much lower data rate and with lower power consumption thatreuse conventional IEEE 802.11n and IEEE 802.11ac device circuitry.There are general needs for wireless devices and methods suitable foruse as sensor devices and operating as part of sensor networks.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates wireless network, in accordance with someembodiments;

FIG. 2 is a functional block diagram of an OFDM transmitter, inaccordance with some embodiments;

FIG. 3 illustrates a comparison of peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) ofOFDM waveforms with different numbers of tones, in accordance withembodiments; and

FIG. 4 illustrates a procedure for transmitting OFDM symbols, inaccordance with some embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following description and the drawings sufficiently illustratespecific embodiments to enable those skilled in the art to practicethem. Other embodiments may incorporate structural, logical, electrical,process, and other changes. Portions and features of some embodimentsmay be included in, or substituted for, those of other embodiments.Embodiments set forth in the claims encompass all available equivalentsof those claims.

FIG. 1 illustrates a wireless network, in accordance with someembodiments. Wireless network 100 may include one or more wirelessdevices (WD) 102 and an access point (AP) 104 or base station. The AP104 may be coupled to a network to allow communications between thewireless devices 102 and other entities. In some embodiments, the AP 104may be coupled to the Internet or to a power-line network to providedata from the wireless devices 102 to a receiving entity. Wirelessdevices 102 may be low power devices that are configured to transmit lowdata rate data in accordance with an OFDM technique as described in moredetail below. In some embodiments, the wireless network 100 may be asensor network, and wireless devices may be sensor devices or sensornodes that transmit sensor data. Although some embodiments are describedwith respect to sensor nodes and sensor networks, the scope of theembodiments is not limited in this respect and is applicable to almostany wireless network and any wireless communication device.

In accordance with embodiments, the wireless devices 102 may beconfigured for low data rate transmissions and operate at low powerconsumption levels. In these embodiments, the wireless devices 102 maysubstantially reuse the physical-layer of IEEE 802.11n and IEEE 802.11acdevices as described in more detail below. Some embodiments areapplicable to the recently formed IEEE 802.11ah task group, whichrelates to an OFDM system operating in the 1 GHz and lower bands for lowpower and low data rate operations.

In accordance with some embodiments, a wireless device, such as one ofwireless devices 102, may be configured for transmitting a packetcomprising one or more OFDM transmission symbols. In these embodiments,a wireless device 102 may be configured to map data to active tones andmap non-data (i.e., zeroes) to nulled tones of a set of OFDM tones togenerate an OFDM symbol for transmission. The OFDM symbol may compriseboth the active and the nulled tones. The number of active and nulledtones may be based on a nulling factor. In some of these embodiments,the wireless device 102 may down-clock the OFDM symbol for transmissionover a reduced transmission bandwidth as compared with conventional IEEE802.11 transmissions. In these embodiments, the nulling factor may beapplied to transmit data on the active tones and to transmit non-datavalues of zero on the nulled tones, which may be transmitted over thereduced transmission bandwidth, although this is not a requirement. Insome embodiments, the OFDM symbol may be transmitted at a transmissionfrequency of less than 1 GHz, although this is not a requirement.

In some embodiments, the wireless devices 102 may be part of an indooror outdoor smart grid of sensors and may operate as part of a sensorservice. An example of this type of service includes a metering service,which may provide meter data, such as gas, electricity or water usagedata to a metering substation. In these embodiments, the wirelessdevices 102 may operate as sensor nodes and provide sensor data (e.g.,meter readings) to the AP 104 or to a base station for routing to themetering substation or utility. Another example of a sensor service ispatient monitoring for home healthcare, clinics or hospitals in whichsensor nodes provide data for fall detection monitoring, pill bottlemonitoring, weight monitoring, and heart monitoring. In theseembodiments, the wireless devices 102 may operate as sensor nodes andprovide related sensor data. This type of sensor service generallyrequires much lower data rates then that provided by more conventionalIEEE 802.11n/ac systems, in addition to operating with ultra-low powerconsumption. In some embodiments, the sensor device may be coupled to ametering apparatus and may be configured to read sensor data from themetering apparatus, and transmit the sensor data at predetermined timeintervals (i.e., once a week or month, or at a predetermined time ofday). The transmission of the sensor data comprises transmission of aphysical-layer service data unit (PSDU) comprising a plurality of OFDMtransmission symbols. The sensor data may include physical (PHY) layerpadding bits mapped to active tones of the OFDM transmission symbols,while zeros are mapped to nulled tones of the OFDM transmission symbols.

In accordance with embodiments, wireless devices 102 may be able tooperate at a reduced the data rate, reduced transmission power, andreduced transmit PAPR, and may provide an improved battery life comparedto a more conventional IEEE 802.11n/ac device. Wireless devices 102 maybe able to meet the low power, low data rate, and increased battery liferequirements of the IEEE 802.11ah task group. Some embodiments may allowminimal changes to devices that are configured in accordance with anIEEE 8021.11n/ac design.

In some embodiments, a wireless device 102 may a portable wirelesscommunication device, such as a personal digital assistant (PDA), alaptop or portable computer with wireless communication capability, aweb tablet, a wireless telephone, a wireless headset, a pager, aninstant messaging device, a digital camera, an access point, atelevision, a medical device (e.g., a heart rate monitor, a bloodpressure monitor, etc.), or other device or node that may transmitinformation wirelessly. The antennas used by wireless device 102 maycomprise one or more directional or omnidirectional antennas, including,for example, dipole antennas, monopole antennas, patch antennas, loopantennas, microstrip antennas or other types of antennas suitable fortransmission of radio-frequency (RF) signals. In some embodiments,instead of two or more antennas, a single antenna with multipleapertures may be used. In these embodiments, each aperture may beconsidered a separate antenna. In some multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO) embodiments, antennas may be effectively separated to takeadvantage of spatial diversity and the different channel characteristicsthat may result between each of antennas 101 and the antennas of atransmitting station. In some MIMO embodiments, the antennas may beseparated by up to 1/10 of a wavelength or more.

In some embodiments, the wireless device 102 may perform a carrier sensemultiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) protocol for channelaccess including the exchange of a Request-to-Send (RTS) packet sent bythe sender and a Clear-to-Send (CTS) packet sent by the intendedreceiver.

In some embodiments, wireless device 102 may include one or more of akeyboard, a display, a non-volatile memory port, a graphics processor,an application processor, speakers, and other mobile device elements.The display may be a liquid-crystal display (LCD) screen including atouch screen.

FIG. 2 is a functional block diagram of an OFDM transmitter, inaccordance with some embodiments. Transmitter 200 may be configured totransmit one or more OFDM transmission symbols and may be configurablefor low data rate transmissions and low power consumption. Transmitter200 may be suitable for use as the PHY of a wireless device, such as oneor more of the wireless devices 102 (FIG. 1). Wireless devices 102 mayinclude other layer circuitry, including media-access control (MAC)layer circuitry, as well as receiver circuitry that are not illustrated.In general, the transmitter 200 may receive a MAC layer data unit (MPDU)201 from a higher-level layer, may process the data unit, and generatean OFDM transmission symbol 235 for transmission by one or moreantennas.

In accordance with embodiments, the transmitter 200 may include adata-mapping element 222 to map data 221 to active tones and a zeromapping element 224 to map non-data (i.e., zeroes) to nulled tones. Theactive tones and the nulled tones may comprise a set of OFDM tones.Transmitter 200 may also include a multiplexer 226 to multiplex the datathat is to be mapped to the active tones with the non-data (i.e.,zeroes) that are to be mapped to the nulled tones for performance of aninverse discrete Fourier transform (IDFT) by IDFT element 228. The IDFTelement 228 may perform an IDFT, such as an inverse fast Fouriertransform (IFFT), on the multiplexed data to generate a time-domain OFDMwaveform having the data on the active tones and values of zero on thenulled tones. The number of active and nulled tones may be based on anulling factor.

The transmitter 200 may also include a controller element 252 toconfigure the data mapping element 222 and configure the zero mappingelement 224 based on the nulling factor. The controller element 252 mayalso be configured to perform other operations for transmission of anOFDM symbol comprising both the active and the nulled tones as describedin more detail below.

In some embodiments, the OFDM waveform may be down clocked to generatean OFDM transmission symbol for transmission over/within a reducedtransmission bandwidth. In these embodiments, the IDFT element 228 and adigital-to-analog (D/A) converter element 232 may operate at adown-clocked sample clock rate. The down clocking may be configured bythe controller element 252 to provide a reduced transmission bandwidthcompared to a more conventional IEEE 802.11n/ac configured transmitter.These embodiments are described in more detail below.

In some embodiments, the set of OFDM tones of the OFDM symbol that istransmitted by transmitter 200 comprises a predetermined number oftones. The number of active tones of the set and the number of nulledtones of the set may be determined based on the nulling factor. The OFDMsymbol may be generated by performing an inverse Fourier transform(i.e., an IDFT of IFFT) on both the active and the nulled tones.

In these embodiments, the IDFT size may be based on the predeterminednumber of tones in the set, and the nulled tones may comprise tones ofthe set that are not active. The value of the nulled tones is forced tobe zero prior to the IDFT processing. In some embodiments, the tones ofthe total set that comprise the OFDM symbol (e.g., both active andnulled) may be evenly spaced over the transmission bandwidth. Tonecounts (i.e., the number of tones of the set), for both the data andnulled tones, may include 52, 108, 234, and 469 tones, eachcorresponding to a different transmission bandwidth.

In some embodiments, the nulling factor may indicate a portion of tonesof the set of tones that are active. In these embodiments, the nullingfactor may range from one to up to four or more. In some exampleembodiments, a nulling factor of one may indicate that all tones of thetransmission bandwidth are active, a nulling factor of two may indicatethat half tones of the transmission bandwidth are active, a nullingfactor of three may indicate that a third of the tones of thetransmission bandwidth are active, a nulling factor of four may indicatethat a fourth of the tones of the transmission bandwidth are active, anulling factor of five may indicate that a fifth of the tones of thetransmission bandwidth are active, and so forth.

In some embodiments, the transmitter 200 may be configured to transmit apacket comprising one or more OFDM transmission symbols. The packet maybe a PSDU comprising a plurality of OFDM transmission symbols. The datathat is mapped to the active tones may be the data that is received fromthe MAC layer within the MPDU 201. In these embodiments, the controllerelement 252 may calculate a PSDU length based at least on the nullingfactor, a size of the MPDU 201, and a number of OFDM symbols to betransmitted (N_(SYM)) as part of the PSDU. In these embodiments, theOFDM transmission symbols of the PSDU may include the active tones andthe nulled tones, as well as pilot tones, guard tones, and a DC nullingtone. The PSDU length may be referred to as the PHY payload sized or thePSDU size. The PSDU length may be the number of OFDM transmissionsymbols of the PSDU.

In some embodiments, the controller element 252 may calculate a numberof PHY padding bits based on a PSDU length and may configure element 206to add the calculated number of padding bits to the MPDU for subsequentgeneration of the PSDU. The PSDU may be mapped to the active tones bythe data-mapping element 222. In these embodiments, the entire PSDU,including the padding bits, may be considered data 221 that is mapped tothe active tones for subsequent transmission.

In some embodiments, the controller element 252 may be configured toinstruct element 208 to include the nulling factor in a signaling fieldof a header or preamble of the PSDU. In some embodiments, the signalingfield may include two bits to indicate the nulling factor to thereceiver. The signaling field may be added by element 208. The inclusionof the nulling factor in the PSDU allows the receiver (e.g., an accesspoint or base station) to know which tones of the OFDM transmission areactive for the extraction of the data from those tones. The use of anindication in the signaling field as part of a preamble structure may beused to make the AP 104 aware that a low power device (i.e., a wirelessdevice 102) is using a nulled transmission. The use of two bits mayallow nulling factors of up to six to be indicated.

In some alternate embodiments, the nulling factor is not indicated tothe receiver. In these alternate embodiments, the receiver may beconfigured to perform blind detection and integrate energy received inboth active and inactive tones to identify the active tones.

In some embodiments, the nulling factor may be received by transmitter200 from the AP 104, while in other embodiments, the controller element252 may select the nulling factor. In some embodiments, transmitter 200may be preconfigured with a predetermined nulling factor based on theintended application for transmitter 200.

In some embodiments, when transmitter 200 is part of a transceiver, aconfiguration signal may be received from the AP 104 indicating thenulling factor. In these embodiments, the transmitter 200 may beconfigured to determine the number of active tones and the number ofnulled tones based on the nulling factor, among other things. In theseembodiments, the transmitter 200 may not need to signal the nullingfactor to the AP 104 in the PSDU since it is known by the AP 104.

In some embodiments, a predetermined modulation and coding scheme (MCS)may be used by the transmitter 200. In some very-low data rateembodiments, the lowest-level MCS may be used. In some IEEE 802.11acrelated embodiments, the lowest MCS may be BPSK modulation with a codingrate of ½. In these embodiments, element 214 of transmitter 200 mayencode the data in accordance with the coding rate, and constellationmapper 216 may map the data to a signal constellation that is based onthe modulation level (i.e., BPSK). The modulation level may determinethe number of encoded bits that are mapped to each active tone.

In some embodiments, the time-domain signal that is transmitted by thetransmitter 200 may have a transmission bandwidth based on the sampleclock rate clock signal 259. The IDFT performed by IDFT element 228 maybe performed based on the sample clock rate clock signal 259 and thedigital-to-analog conversion performed by D/A converter element 232 onthe time-domain signal may also be based on the sample clock rate clocksignal 259 to generate an OFDM transmission symbol having a reducedtransmission bandwidth. In these embodiments, the sample clock rateclock signal 259 may be a down-clocked sample clock rate configured toreduce the transmission signal bandwidth by a factor of ten or more. Insome embodiments, the controller element 252 may configure clockcircuitry 254 to down-clock the sample clock rate to generate a clocksignal 259 having a down-sampled sample clock rate for use by IDFTelement 228 and D/A converter element 232.

In accordance with some embodiments, the down clocking of the sampleclock rate may be performed independent of the tone nulling. The use ofa down-clocked sample clock of one-tenth, for example, may allow a 20MHz waveform to fit within a 2 MHz transmission bandwidth. In theseembodiments, the down clocking slows the transmitter's clocks down (inthis example by 1/10) while increasing the OFDM symbol time withoutaffecting the number of tones of each OFDM symbol. In the frequencydomain, there is less bandwidth utilized and the tone spacing is closer.Tones, as used herein, may refer to subcarriers.

In these embodiments, a down-sampled sample clock rate of aboutone-tenth or one-twentieth the sample clock rate of a conventionalwireless local area network (WLAN) (i.e., configured in accordance withIEEE 802.11n) may be provided to the IDFT element 228 and the D/Aconverter element 232 so that a significantly reduced transmissionbandwidth compared to that of a conventional WLAN system may be used. Inthese embodiments, the D/A converter element 232 may sample at thedown-sampled clock rate.

In these example embodiments, when the sample clock rate is down clockedby one-twentieth or one-tenth, a 20 MHz IEEE 802.11ac bandwidth thatuses 52 tones may be reduced to either a 1 or 2 MHz bandwidth that uses52 more closely-spaced tones; a 40 MHz IEEE 802.11ac bandwidth that uses108 tones may be reduced to either a 2 or 4 MHz bandwidth that uses moreclosely-spaced 108 tones; an 80 MHz IEEE 802.11ac bandwidth that uses234 tones may be reduced to either a 4 or 8 MHz bandwidth that uses moreclosely-spaced 234 tones; and a 160 MHz IEEE 802.11ac bandwidth thatuses 468 tones may be reduced to either an 8 or 16 MHz bandwidth thatuses more closely-spaced 468 tones, depending on the down sampling. Inthis way, IEEE 802.11n/ac transmitters may be used to transmit low datarate data over significantly narrower bandwidths using significantlyless power. The use of a down-sampled clock rate may increase the OFDMsymbol length in time.

In some embodiments, analog and RF circuitry 234 may be configured toup-convert the time domain signals from the IDFT element 228 to atransmission frequency of between 800 MHz and 1.0 GHz and amplify thesignals at the transmission frequency with one or more power amplifiers.The time-domain signals for transmission generated by the IDFT element228 comprise a plurality of tones (i.e., subcarriers) that are evenlyspaced across the transmission bandwidth. The plurality of tones mayinclude both the active and the nulled tones. In some embodiments, theactive tones may be substantially evenly spaced across the transmissionbandwidth, tehreby allowing for a reduction in PAPR. In theseembodiments, since only a portion of the total tones is active, thepower amplifier may operate in a more linear region of operation withreduced power consumption. The reduction in active tones also providesfor a reduction in power consumption since no energy (i.e., the zeroes)is transmitted on the nulled tones.

In some embodiments, the transmitter 200 may be configured for frequencyselective transmission. In these embodiments, a transmission frequencyof 1 GHz or less may be selected. In some alternate embodiments, theactive tones may be selected based on channel conditions rather thanbeing spaced out evenly across the transmission bandwidth. In theseembodiments, the AP 104 may perform channel estimation and indicate tothe transmitter 200 which tones should be used as active tones. In otherembodiments, the transmitter 200 may perform a channel estimation todetermine which tones to select as active tones.

In some example embodiments in which the sample clock rate isdown-clocked by one-tenth, the transmission bandwidth may comprise abandwidth of 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz or 16 MHz using sets of 52, 108, 234 or468 tones, respectively. In some other example embodiments in whichsample clock rate is down-clocked by one-twentieth, the transmissionbandwidth may comprise a bandwidth of 1 MHz, 2 MHz, 4 MHz or 8 MHz usingsets of 52, 108, 234 or 468 tones, respectively. In some embodiments,the transmission bandwidth may be as little as 1 MHz or less and may beas large as 10 MHz or greater depending on the down clocking of thesample clock rate.

In some embodiments, the OFDM transmission symbols 235 generated bytransmitter 200 may be transmitted through a single antenna. In thesesingle-antenna embodiments, the transmitter 200 may include a single RFtransmission chain, and the PHY layer processing elements may beconfigured for signal antenna and single stream transmissions.

In some other embodiments, more than one antenna may be used fortransmission. In these embodiments, the transmitter may include an RFtransmission chain for each antenna, and the PHY layer processingelements may be configured for generating more than one stream of datafor multi-antenna transmissions. In some other embodiments, conventionalIEEE 802.11n/ac circuitry may be used, which may include several RFtransmission chains for multi-stream, multi-antenna, and MIMOtransmissions. In these embodiments, one or more of the RF transmissionchains may be turned off and the PHY layer processing may be configuredby the controller element 252 to generate a single stream fortransmission by a single antenna.

In some embodiments, the transmitter 200 may be part of a wirelesssensor or sensor node, which may be battery-powered and may operate aspart of a sensor network of one or more sensors. In some of these sensorembodiments, the transmitter 200 may use a single antenna fortransmission of a single stream of sensor data for transmission over areduced transmission bandwidth, although the scope of the embodiments isnot limited in this respect.

In some embodiments, the active tones may be spread across thetransmission band evenly to provide maximum frequency diversity. Forstatic devices where the channel is stationary, the tones selected fornulling may be selected based on their relative signal-to-noise ratio(SNR). Active tones may be selected to avoid frequency bins, which arein a deep fade. The selection of tones may be signaled to the wirelessdevice 102 by the AP 104 based on channel measurements by the AP 104 andprovided as explicit feedback. The wireless device 102 may also beconfigured to measure received signals and select an active tone set(i.e., assuming reciprocity) based on those measurements.

In some embodiments, the PSDU length calculation and the calculation ofthe padding for the MAC and PHY data units may take into account thereduction in tones available for data. In some embodiments, the PSDUlength may be calculated based on the following equation for binaryconvolutional coding:

${PSDU\_ LENGTH} = \left\lfloor \frac{{N_{SYM}{N_{DBPS}/{NF}}} - N_{Service} - {N_{Tail}N_{ES}}}{8} \right\rfloor$

or based on the following equation for LDPC coding:

${PSDU\_ LENGTH} = \left\lfloor \frac{{N_{{SYM}\; \_ \; {Ma}\; x\; \_ \; {Init}}{N_{DBPS}/{NF}}} - N_{Service}}{8} \right\rfloor$

Where,

N_(SYM)=Number of OFDM symbols to be transmitted

N_(DBPS)=Number of Data Bits per OFDM symbol

N_(Service)=Number of Service bits

N_(ES)=Number of Encoders (Convolutional)

N_(Tail)=Number of Tail Bits (Convolutional)

A similar expression may be used for computing the number of symbols inthe above equations. As can be seen, the nulling factor (NF) term may betaken into account for the reduction in the number of data tones thatare used.

In a conventional IEEE 802.11ac system when only one bit of data is tobe transmitted, the lowest MCS would produce two symbols to be insertedat the input to the IFFT. The other tones are filled with paddingsymbols. Depending on the bandwidth configuration, 50, 106, 232 or 466tones would therefore contain padding symbols since only two tones areused to transmit actual data. In this limited example, nearly all thetransmit power is wasted on sending padding symbols, which are discardedat the receiver and provide no additional information. Some exampleembodiments may achieve up to a 75% reduction or more in powerconsumption with a nulling factor of four. Furthermore, reduction of theactive tone count reduces the PAPR produced by the OFDM signal. Thus,based on the nulling factor, a reduction in power consumption for thepower amplifier is attained since the signal can operate closer to thenon-linear region of the device. This provides for an additionalreduction in power consumption.

Although transmitter 200 is illustrated as having several separatefunctional elements, one or more of the functional elements may becombined and may be implemented by combinations of software-configuredelements, such as processing elements including digital signalprocessors (DSPs), and/or other hardware elements. For example, someelements may comprise one or more microprocessors, DSPs, applicationspecific integrated circuits (ASICs), radio-frequency integratedcircuits (RFICs) and combinations of various hardware and logiccircuitry for performing at least the functions described herein. Insome embodiments, the functional elements of transmitter 200 may referto one or more processes operating on one or more processing elements.

Embodiments may also be implemented in one or a combination of hardware,firmware and software. Embodiments may also be implemented asinstructions stored on a computer-readable storage device, which may beread and executed by at least one processor to perform the operationsdescribed herein. A computer-readable storage device may include anynon-transitory mechanism for storing information in a form readable by amachine (e.g., a computer). For example, a computer-readable storagedevice may include read-only memory (ROM), random-access memory (RAM),magnetic disk storage media, optical storage media, flash-memorydevices, and other storage devices and media. In some embodiments, thetransmitter 200 may include one or more processors and may be configuredwith instructions stored on a computer-readable storage device.

FIG. 3 illustrates a comparison of PAPR of OFDM waveforms with differentnumbers of active tones, in accordance with embodiments. As illustratedin FIG. 3, the PAPR of OFDM waveforms with 4 active tones (waveform304), 13 active tones (waveform 313) and 52 active tones (waveform 352)are illustrated. In this example, a nulling factor of four reduces thenumber of active tones from 52 active tones to 13 active tones andprovides over a 1.5 dB PAPR advantage. Thus, not only is there atransmit power reduction directly proportional to the nulling factor,there is an additional PAPR reduction that allows for further reductionin the power consumption in the transmitter.

Although embodiments are described herein with a nulling factor being aninteger value, the scope of the embodiments is not limited in thisrespect as any tone count could be nulled.

Unlike single carrier FDMA transmissions in a 3GPP long-term evolution(LTE) uplink, for example, in these embodiments, the OFDM transmissionsymbol is a multicarrier OFDM signal even when only one of the tones isan active tone because the OFDM waveform includes both active and nulledtones. Furthermore, the OFDM transmission symbol may also include pilottones, guard tones, and a cyclic prefix.

FIG. 4 illustrates a procedure for transmitting OFDM symbols, inaccordance with some embodiments. Procedure 400 may be performed by awireless device, such as wireless device 102, for low-power OFDMtransmissions for low data rate data.

In operation 402, the nulling factor is determined As discussed above,it may be provided by the AP 104 (FIG. 2), it may be predetermined, orit may be determined by the wireless device 102.

In operation 404, the PSDU length is calculated based on the nullingfactor, and a number of MAC and PHY padding bits are determined.

In operation 406, the number of active tones and the number of nulledtones is calculated based on the nulling factor. The number of activetones and number of nulled tones may be based on the total number ofOFDM tones that is to be transmitted.

In operation 408, data is mapped to active tones and zeroes are mappedto nulled tones of the set of OFDM tones. An IDFT may be performed togenerate an OFDM symbol comprising both the active and the nulled tones.

In operation 410, the OFDM symbol may be down-clocked to generate anOFDM transmission symbol with a reduced transmission bandwidth. The OFDMtransmission symbol may be transmitted as part of the PSDU, a frame ofdata or a burst.

The Abstract is provided to comply with 37 C.F.R. Section 1.72(b)requiring an abstract that will allow the reader to ascertain the natureand gist of the technical disclosure. It is submitted with theunderstanding that it will not be used to limit or interpret the scopeor meaning of the claims. The following claims are hereby incorporatedinto the detailed description, with each claim standing on its own as aseparate embodiment.

1. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium that storesinstructions for execution by one or more processors of a wirelessdevice to configure the wireless device for transmission of a packetcomprising one or more orthogonal frequency division multiplexed (OFDM)transmission symbols, the instructions to configure the wireless deviceto: map data to active tones and map zeroes to nulled tones of a set ofOFDM tones to generate an OFDM symbol comprising both the active and thenulled tones, the number of active and nulled tones being based on anulling factor; and generate an OFDM transmission symbol fortransmission over a transmission bandwidth.
 2. The non-transitorycomputer-readable storage medium of claim 1, wherein the set of OFDMtones of the OFDM symbol comprises a predetermined number of tones; andwherein the number of active tones of the set and the number of nulledtones of the set is determined based on the nulling factor; and whereinthe OFDM symbol is generated by performing an inverse Fourier transformon both the active and the nulled tones.
 3. The non-transitorycomputer-readable storage medium of claim 2, wherein the nulling factorindicates a portion of tones of the set of tones that are active; andwherein the OFDM transmission symbol further includes pilot, tones,guard tones and a cyclic prefix.
 4. The non-transitory computer-readablestorage medium of claim 3, wherein the packet comprises a physical layerservice data unit (PSDU), the PSDU comprising a plurality of OFDMtransmission symbols, wherein the data that is mapped to the activetones is received as part of a media-access control (MAC) layer protocoldata unit (MPDU); and wherein the instructions further configure the oneor more processors to calculate a PSDU length based at least on thenulling factor, a size of the MPDU, and a number of OFDM symbols to betransmitted as part of the PSDU.
 5. The non-transitory computer-readablestorage medium of claim 4, instructions further configure the one ormore processors to: calculate a number of padding bits based on a lengthof the PSDU; and add the calculated number of padding bits to generatethe PSDU, wherein the data bits and the padding bits of the PSDU aremapped to the active tones and are not mapped to the nulled tones. 6.The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 5, whereinthe instructions further configure the one or more processors to includethe nulling factor in a signaling field of a header portion of the PSDUfor use by a receiver in decoding the PSDU.
 7. The non-transitorycomputer-readable storage medium of claim 5, wherein the instructionsfurther configure the one or more processors to: receive a configurationsignal from an access point indicating the nulling factor; and determinethe number of active tones and the number of milled tones based on thenulling factor.
 8. The non-transitory computer-readable storage mediumof claim 5, wherein the instructions further configure the one or moreprocessors to: multiplex the data that is to be mapped to the activetones with the zeroes that are to be mapped to the nulled tones; andperform an inverse-discrete Fourier transform (IDFT) on the multiplexeddata to generate a time-domain signal corresponding to the OFDM symbolhaving the data on the active tones and zeroes on the nulled tones. 9.The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 8, whereinto generate the OFDM transmission symbol, the wireless device isconfigured to down-clock the OFDM symbol to generate the OFDMtransmission symbol for transmission over a reduced transmissionbandwidth.
 10. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium ofclaim 9, wherein the time-domain signal has a transmission bandwidthbased on a sample clock rate, wherein the instructions further configurethe one or more processors to: perform the IDFT based on the sampleclock rate; and perform a digital-to-analog conversion on thetime-domain signal based on the sample clock rate to generate the OFDMtransmission symbol having the transmission bandwidth, wherein thesample clock rate is a down-clocked sample clock rate configured toreduce the transmission signal bandwidth by a factor of ten or more. 11.The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 10, whereinthe instructions further configure the one or more processors toconfigured the wireless device to: upconvert the time domain signals toa transmission frequency of between 800 MHz and 1.0 GHz; and amplify thesignals at the transmission frequency with a power amplifier, whereinthe time-domain signals for transmission generated by the IDFT comprisea plurality of tones that are evenly spaced across the transmissionbandwidth, the plurality of tones comprising the active and the nulledtones.
 12. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim11, wherein the active tones are substantially evenly spaced across thetransmission bandwidth allowing for a reduction in a peak-to-averagepower ratio (PAPR) of the signals for transmission.
 13. Thenon-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 11, whereinwhen the sample clock rate is down-clocked by one-tenth, thetransmission bandwidth comprises bandwidths of 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz or 16MHz using sets of 52, 108, 234 and 468 tones, respectively.
 14. Anon-transitory computer-readable storage medium that stores instructionsfor execution by one or more processors of a wireless device toconfigure the wireless device for transmission of one or more orthogonalfrequency division multiplexed (OFDM) transmission symbols, theoperations to configure the wireless device to: map data to active tonesand mapping zeroes to nulled tones of a set of OFDM tones to generate anOFDM symbol comprising both the active and the nulled tones, the numberof active and nulled tones being based on a nulling factor; anddown-clock the OFDM symbol to generate an OFDM transmission symbol fortransmission over a reduced transmission bandwidth.
 15. Thenon-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 14, wherein theinstructions further configure the wireless device to: multiplex datathat is to be mapped to the active tones with the zeroes that are to bemapped to the nulled tones; and perform an inverse-discrete Fouriertransform (IDFT) on the multiplexed data to generate a time-domainsignal corresponding to the OFDM symbol having the data on the activetones and zeroes on the nulled tones.
 16. The non-transitorycomputer-readable storage medium of claim 15, wherein the set of OFDMtones of the OFDM symbol comprises a predetermined number of tones,wherein the number of active tones of the set and the number of nulledtones of the set is determined based on the nulling factor; and whereinthe OFDM symbol is generated by performing an inverse Fourier transformon both the active and the nulled tones.
 17. The non-transitorycomputer-readable storage medium of claim 16, wherein the OFDM symbol ispart of a physical layer service data unit (PSDU), the PSDU comprising aplurality of OFDM transmission symbols, wherein the data that is mappedto the active tones is received as part of a MAC layer protocol dataunit (MPDU); and wherein the instructions further configure the one ormore processors to calculate a PSDU length based at least on the nullingfactor, a size of the MPDU, and a number of OFDM symbols to betransmitted as part of the PSDU.
 18. The non-transitorycomputer-readable storage medium of claim 17, wherein the instructionsfurther configure the one or more processors to: calculate a number ofpadding bits based on a length of the PSDU; and add the calculatednumber of padding bits to generate the PSDU, wherein data bits and thepadding bits are mapped to the active tones and are not mapped to thenulled tones.
 19. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium ofclaim 18, wherein the instructions further configure the one or moreprocessors to include the milling factor in a signaling field of aheader portion of the PSDU for use by a receiver in decoding the PSDU.20. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 14,wherein the wireless device is a sensor device configured to operate onbattery power and configured to transmit sensor data comprising one ormore OFDM transmission symbols, the sensor device configured to: mapdata to active tones and map zeroes to nulled tones of a set of OFDMtones to generate an OFDM symbol comprising both the active and thenulled tones, the number of active and nulled tones being based on anulling factor; and down-clock the OFDM symbol to generate amulticarrier OFDM transmission symbol for transmission over a reducedtransmission bandwidth.
 21. The non-transitory computer-readable storagemedium of claim 20, wherein the sensor device comprises an OFDMtransmitter that is configured in accordance with an IEEE 802.11standard to operate at the down-clocked sample clock rate.
 22. Thenon-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 21, wherein thesensor device is coupled to a metering apparatus and is furtherconfigured to: read sensor data from the metering apparatus; andtransmit the sensor data at predetermined time intervals, wherein thetransmission of the sensor data comprises transmission of a physicallayer service data unit (PSDU) comprising a plurality of OFDMtransmission symbols, wherein the sensor data including padding bits aremapped to active tones of the OFDM transmission symbols and zeros aremapped to nulled tones of the OFDM transmission symbols.
 23. Thenon-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 22 wherein thesensor device is further configured to transmit at a transmissionfrequency of between 800 MHz and 1.0 GHz, and wherein the reducedtransmission bandwidth is no greater 2 MHz.
 24. A wireless device fortransmitting a packet comprising one or more orthogonal frequencydivision multiplexed (OFDM) transmission symbols, the wireless devicecomprising processing circuitry and transceiver circuitry configured to:map data to active tones and map zeroes to nulled tones of a set of OFDMtones to generate an OFDM symbol comprising both the active and thenulled tones; and down-clock a sample clock rate to generate an OFDMtransmission symbol for transmission over a reduced transmissionbandwidth.
 25. The wireless device of claim 24, wherein the wirelessdevice is configured to perform an inverse-discrete Fourier transform(IDFT) based on the sample clock rate for transmission of the OFDMtransmission symbol over the reduced transmission bandwidth.
 26. Thewireless device of claim 25 wherein the wireless device is configuredto: multiplex the data that is to be mapped to the active tones with thezeroes that are to be mapped to the nulled tones; and perform the IDFTon the multiplexed data to generate a time-domain signal correspondingto the OFDM symbol having the data on the active tones and zeroes on thenulled tones
 27. The wireless device of claim 24 wherein the number ofactive and nulled tones being based on a nulling factor.
 28. Thewireless device of claim 24 wherein the sample clock rate is adown-clocked sample clock rate configured to reduce the transmissionbandwidth by a factor of ten or more.
 29. The wireless device of claim24 wherein when the sample clock rate is down-clocked by up to one-tenthor more.
 30. The wireless device of claim 24 wherein the reducedtransmission bandwidth comprises bandwidths of 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz or 16MHz using sets of 52, 108, 234 and 468 tones, respectively.